Kannabis lääkkeenä – kirjallisuusviitteitä



Tiedekirjallisuusviitteitä

kannabiksen ja kannabinoidien soveltamisesta lääketieteessä

David W. Pate

International Hemp Assocation

P.O. Box 75007, 1070AA Amsterdam

The Netherlands


Pate, D.W. 1995. Guide to the scientific literature on potential
medical uses of Cannabis and the cannabinoids.
Journal of the International
Hemp Association
2(2): 74-76.

Marijuanan ja sen vaikuttavien ainesosien suotuisista vaikutuksista
moniin erilaisiin sairauksiin ja vaivoihin löytyy runsaasti lääketieteellistä
todistusaineistoa. Valitettavasti monet aiheeseen liittyvistä kirjallisuuslähteistä
ovat varsin vaikeasti saatavissa, koska ne ovat hajallaan erilaisissa tieteellisissä
aikakausijulkaisuissa. Tähän bibliografiaan on koottu suurin osa näistä
primäärisistä (ja osa toissijaisista) kirjallisuusviitteistä. Viitteet
on lajitettu sairauksien mukaan.


Johdanto

Laajallelevinneet raportit itselääkinnästä kannabiksella ovat herättäneet
tieteellistä ja lääketieteellistä mielenkiintoa sitä kohtaan, olisiko kannabinoideja
mahdollista hyödyntää erilaisten sairauksien hoidossa. Rajoitetut
koehenkilöillä suoritetut kokeet sekä case-tutkimukset ovat osoittaneet
tämän aineryhmän turvallisuuden ja tehokkuuden monenlaisten sairauksien
oireiden hoitamisessa. Muilla eläimillä tehtyjen ja in vitro- kokeiden
tulokset viittaavat uusien polkujen löytymiseen kliinisessä tutkimuksessa.
Allaolevien viitteiden on tarkoitus toimia lähtökohtana jatkotutkimuksille.
Viitteitä ei ole karsittu sen mukaan, mikä niissä suoritettujen kokeiden
tulos oli. Mukaan ei kuitenkaan ole otettu nykyisin jo laajalti hyväksyttyjä
THC:n lääkinnällisiä käyttötarkoituksia (kemoterapiaa saavien syöpäpotilaiden
pahoinvoinnin lievittäminen ja AIDS-potilaiden ruokahalun lisääminen) käsitteleviä
viitteitä.

Levottomuus ja psykoosi

  • Guimares, F.S. et al., 1990. Anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol
    in the elevated plus-maze. Psychopharmacology 100: 558-559.
  • Guimares, F.S. et al., 1994. Anxiolytic effect of cannabidiol
    derivatives in the elevated plus-maze. Gen. Pharmac. 25: 161-164.
  • Zuardi, A.W. et al., 1982. Action of cannabidiol on the anxiety
    and other effects produced by delta-9-THC in normal subjects. Psychopharmacology
    76: 245-250.
  • Zuardi, A.W. et al., 1991. Effects of cannabidiol in animal
    models predictive of antipsychotic activity. Psychopharmacology
    104: 260-264.
  • Zuardi, A.W. et al., 1993. Effects of ipsapirone and cannabidiol
    on human experimental anxiety. J. Psychophamacol. 7: 82-88.

Astma

  • Gong, H. et al., 1984. Acute and subacute bronchial effects
    of oral cannabinoids. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 35: 26-32.
  • Graham, J.D.P., 1986. The bronchodilator action of cannabinoids. In
    Cannabinoids as Therapeutic Agents, R. Mechoulam, Ed., CRC Press, Boca
    Raton, Florida, pp. 147-158.
  • Hartley, J.P., et al., 1978. Bronchodilator effect of delta-9-THC.
    Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 5: 523.
  • Karniol, I.G., et al., 1974. Cannabidiol interferes with the
    effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in man. Eur. J. Pharmac.
    28: 172.
  • Tashkin, D., et al., 1973. Acute pulmonary physiologic effects
    of smoked marijuana and oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy young
    men. New Engl. J. Med. 289: 336-341.
  • Tashkin, D., et al., 1976. Acute effects of smoked marijuana
    on airway dynamics in spontaneous and experimentally induced bronchial
    asthma. In The Pharmacology of Marijuana, Braude and Szara, Eds.,
    Raven Press, New York, pp. 785-799.
  • Vachon, L. et al., 1976. Airways respons to aerosolized delta-9-THC
    preliminary report. In The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, Cohen,
    S. and Stillman, R.C., Eds., Plenum Press, New York, p. 111.
  • Vachon, L. et al., 1976. Airways response to micro-aerosolized
    delta-9-THC. Chest 70: 444.
  • Williams, S.J. et al., 1976. Bronchodilator effect of delta-9-THC
    administered by aerosol to asthmatic patients. Thorax 31: 720.

Epilepsia

  • Ames, F.R. and Cridland, S., 1986. Anticonvulsant effect of cannabidiol.
    S. Afr. Med. J. 69: 14.
  • Consroe, P.F. et al., 1975. Anticonvulsant nature of marihuana
    smoking. J.A.M.A. 234: 306-307.
  • Cunha, J.M. et al., 1980. Chronic administration of cannabidiol
    to healthy volunteers and epileptic patients. Pharmacology 21: 175-185.
  • Davis, J.P. and Ramsey, H.H., 1949. Anti-epileptic action of marijuana-active
    substances. Fed. Proc. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol. 8: 284.
  • Feeney, D. 1976. Marihuana use among epileptics. J.A.M.A. 235:
    1105.
  • Karler, R. and Turkanis, S.A. 1981. The cannabinoids as potential antiepileptics.
    J. Clinical Pharmacology 21: 437S-448S.
  • Karler, R. et al., 1973. The anti-convulsant activity of cannabidiol
    and cannabinol. Life Sci. 13: 1527-1531.
  • Karler, R. et al., 1984. Interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    and kindling by electrical and chemical stimulation in mice. Neuropharmacology
    23: 1315-1320.
  • Karler, R. et al., 1989. Pentylenetetrazole kindling in mice.
    Neuropharmacology 28: 775-780.
  • Karler, R. et al., 1974. Anticonvulsant properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    and other cannabinoids. Life Sci. 15: 931-947.
  • Karler, R. et al., 1986. Prolonged CNS hyperexcitability in
    mice after a single exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Neuropharmacology
    25: 441-446.
  • Karler, R. and Turkanis, S., 1976. The anti-epileptic potential of
    the cannabinoids. In The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, Cohen
    and Stillman, Eds., Plenum Press, New York, pp. 383-396.
  • Turkanis, S. et al., 1974. Anti-convulsant properties of cannabinol.
    Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 8: 231-246.

Viherkaihi

  • Colasanti, B.K. 1986. Review: Ocular hypotensive affect of marihuana
    cannabinoids: correlate of central action or separate phenomenon. J.
    Ocular Pharmacology
    2(3): 295-304.
  • Colasanti, B.K. et al., 1984. Ocular hypotension, ocular toxicity,
    and neurotoxicity in response to marijuana extract and cannabidiol. Gen.
    Pharmacol.
    15: 479.
  • Colasanti, B.K. et al., 1984. Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity
    and neurotoxicity after administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    or cannabichromene. Exp. Eye Res. 38: 63.
  • Colasanti, B.K. et al., 1984. Intraocular pressure, ocular toxicity
    and neurotoxicity after administration of cannabinol or cannabigerol. Exp.
    Eye Res.
    39: 231-259.
  • Crawford, W. & Merritt, J.C., 1979. Effects of tetrahydrocannabinol
    on arterial and intraocular hypertension. Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Biopharmacol.
    17: 191-196.
  • Green, K. and McDonald, T.F., 1987. Ocular toxicology of marijuana:
    an update. J. Toxicol.-Cut. and Ocular Toxicol. 6: 309-334.
  • Hepler, R.S. and Frank, I.M. 1971. Marihuana smoking and intraocular
    pressure. J.A.M.A. 217: 1392.
  • Hepler, R.S. et at., 1976. Ocular effects of marijuana smoking. In
    The Pharmacology of Marijuana, Braude, M.C., and Szara, S., Eds., Raven
    Press, New York, p. 813.
  • Levitt, M. et at., 1981. Physiologic observations in a controlled clinical
    trial of the antiemetic effectiveness of 5, 10, and 15 mg of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    in cancer chemotherapy: ophthalmologic implications. J. Clin. Pharmacol.
    21: 103S.
  • Merritt, J.C. et at., 1980. Effect of marijuana on intraocular and
    blood pressure in glaucoma. Ophthalmology 87: 222.
  • Merritt, J.C. et at., 1981. Topical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in
    hypertensive glaucomas. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 33: 40-41.
  • Merritt, J.C. et at., 1981. Topical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and
    aqueous dynamics in glaucoma. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 21: 467S-471S.
  • Merritt, J.C. et at., 1980. Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in heterogenous
    glaucomas. Ann. Opthalmol. 12: 8.
  • Merritt, J.C. et at., 1982. Topical delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol as
    a potential glaucoma agent. Glaucoma 4: 253-255.
  • Shapiro, D., 1974. The ocular manifestation of the cannabinoids. Ophthalmologia
    168: 366-369.

Tulehdukset ja venähtymät

  • Barret, M.L. et al., 1985. Isolation from Cannabis sativa
    L. of Cannflavon-a novel inhibitor or prostaglandin production. Biochem.
    Pharmacol.
    34: 2019.
  • Burstein, S.H. et al., 1989. Antagonism to the actions of platelet
    activating factor by a nonpsychoactive cannabinoid. J. Pharmacol. Exp.
    Therap.
    251: 531-535.
  • Evans, A.T. et al., 1987. Actions of Cannabis constituents on
    enzymes or arachidonate metabolism: anti-inflammatory potential. Biochem.
    Pharmacol.
    36: 2037-2040.
  • Formukong, E.A. et al., 1987. Cannabinoids, the active constituents
    of Cannabis sativa L. inhibit both human and rabbit platelet aggregation.
    Br. J. Pharmacol. 92(S): 601.
  • Formukong, E.A. et al., 1989. The inhibitory effects of cannabinoids,
    the active constituents of Cannabis sativa L. on human and rabbit
    platelet aggregation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 41: 705-709.
  • Formukong, E.A. et al., 1988. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory
    activity of constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Inflammation
    12: 361-371.
  • Sofia, R.D. et al., 1973. Antiedemic and analgesic properties
    of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol compared with three other drugs. Eur.
    J. Pharmacol.
    35: 7-16.
  • Sofia, R.D. et al., 1974. Comparative anti-phlogistic activity
    of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, hydrocortisone and aspirin in various
    rat paw edema models. Life Sci. 15: 251-260.

Mikrobi-infektiot

  • Blevins, R.D. and Damie, M.R., 1980. The effect of delta-9-THC on Herpes
    simplex virus replication. J. Gen. Virol. 49: 427.
  • Dahiya, M.S. and Jain, G.C., 1977. Antibacterial activity of cannabidiol
    and tetrahydrocannabinol. Indian Drugs Pharm. Ind. 12: 31-34.
  • ElSohly, H.N. et al., 1982. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity
    of certain cannabichromene and cannabigerol related compounds. J. Pharm.
    Sci.
    71: 1319-1323.
  • Ferenczy, L. et at., 1958. An antibacterial preparatum from hemp (Cannabis
    sativa
    L.). Naturwissenschaften. 45: 188.
  • Grlic, L., 1962. A comparative study on some chemical and biological
    characteristics of various samples of Cannabis resin. Bull. Narc.
    14: 37-46.
  • Kabelik, J. et al., 1960. Cannabis as a medicament. Bull.
    Narc.
    12: 5.
  • Krejci, Z., 1958. Hanf (Cannabis sativa)- Antibiotisches heilmittel.
    2. Methodik und ergebnisse der bakteriologischen untersuchungen und vorlaufige
    klinische erfahrungen. Pharmazie 13: 155-164.
  • Krejci, Z., 1970. Changes with maturation in amounts of biologically
    interesting substances of Cannabis. In The Botany and Chemistry
    of Cannabis, Proc. Conf., Joyce, C.R.B., Ed., J. & A. Churchill,
    London, pp. 49-55.
  • Krejci, Z., 1961. The problem of substances with antibacterial action:
    Cannabis effect. Casop. Lek. Cesk. 43: 1341-1354.
  • Martinec, T. and Felklova, M., 1959. Einfluss veraschiedener dungung
    suf die antibakterielle aktivitat des hanfes, Cannabis sativa L.
    Pharmazie 14: 276-279.
  • Martinec, T. and Felkiova, M., 1959. Veranderungen der antibakteriellen
    aktivitat im verlaus der individuellen entwicklung des hanfes (Cannabis
    sativa
    L.). Pharmazie 14: 279-281.
  • Radosevic, A. et al., 1962. Antibiotic activity of various types
    of Cannabis resin. UN Secretariat Doc. ST/SOA/SER.S/6. 9
    Jan. 25.
  • Radosevic, A. et al., 1962. Antibiotic activity of various types
    of Cannabis resin. Nature 195: 1007-1009.
  • Van Kingeren, B. and Ten Ham, M., 1976. Antibacterial activity of delta-9-THC
    and cannabidiol. Ant. van Leeuw. J. Microbiol. Serol. 42: 9.

Liikunnalliset sairaudet

  • Consroe, P. et al., 1986. Open label evaluation of cannabidiol
    in dystonic movement disorders. Int. J. Neurosci. 30: 277-282.
  • Consroe, P. et al., 1991. Controlled clinical trial of cannabidiol
    in Huntington's disease. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 40: 701-708.
  • Frankel, J.P. et al., 1990. Marijuana for Parkinsonian tremor.
    J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 53: 436.
  • Hemming, M. and Yellowle, P.M., 1993. Effective treatment of Tourette's-Syndrome
    with marijuana. J. Psychopharmacol. 7: 389-391.
  • Moss, D.E. et al., 1989. Nicotine and cannabinoids as adjuncts
    to neuroleptics in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other motor disorders.
    Life Sci. 44: 1521-1525.
  • Ruchman, M.C., 1988. Role of cannabidiol in the medical treatment of
    Meige's syndrome. Ear Nose Throat J. 67: 919.
  • Sandyk, R. et al., 1986. Cannabidiol in dystonic movement disorders.
    Psychiatry Res. 18: 291.
  • Snider, S.R. and Consroe, P., 1984. Treatment of Meige syndrome with
    cannabidiol. Neurology 34(S1): 147.
  • Snider, S.R. and Consroe, P., 1985. Beneficial and adverse effects
    of cannabidiol in a Parkinson patient with sinemet-induced dystonic dyskinesia.
    Neurology 35(S1): 201.

Multippeli Skleroosi (MS-tauti), spastisuus ja muut lihashermosairaudet

  • Clifford, David B., 1983. Tetrahydrocannabinol for tremor in Multiple
    Sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 13: 669-671.
  • Dunn, M. and Davis, R., 1974. The perceived effects of marijuana on
    spinal cord injured males. Paraplegia 12: 175.
  • Elkin, R. et al., 1987. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a novel
    treatment of inflammatory demyelination. Fed. Proc. 46: 1378.
  • Greenberg, H.S. et al., 1990. Marijuana and its effect on postural
    stability in Multiple Sclerosis patients with controls. Neurology
    40(S1): 259.
  • Hanigan, W.C. et al., 1986. The effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    on human spasticity. J. Am. Soc. Clin. Pharmacol. 39: 198.
  • Lyman, W.D. et al., 1989. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol: A novel
    treatment for experimental autoimmune encephalitis. J. Neuroimmunol.
    23: 73-82.
  • Malec, J. et al., 1982. Cannabis effect on spasticity
    in spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehab. 63: 116.
  • Mauer, M. et al., 1990. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol shows anti-spastic
    and analgesic effects in a single case double-blind trial. Eur. Arch.
    Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci.
    240: 1-4.
  • Meinck, H.M. et al., 1989. Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity
    and ataxia in Multiple Sclerosis. J. Neurol. 236: 120-122.
  • Petro, D. 1980. Marihuana as a therapeutic agent for muscle spasm or
    spasticity. Psychosomatics 21: 81-85.
  • Petro, D. and Ellenberger, C., Jr., 1981. Treatment of human spasticity
    with delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 21: 413S-416S.
  • Truong, X.T. and Hanigan, W.C., 1986. Effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    on electromyographic measurements in human spasticity. J. Am. Soc. Clin.
    Pharmacol. Therap.
    39: 232.
  • Ungerleider, J.T. et al., 1987. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    in the treatment of spasticity associated with Multiple Sclerosis. Adv.
    Alcohol Subst. Abuse
    7: 39-50.

Niemann-Pickin tauti

  • Burstein, S. et al., 1984. Stimulation of sphingomyelin hydrolysis
    by cannabidiol in fibroblasts from a Niemann-Pick patient. Biochem.
    Biophys. Res. Comm.
    121: 168-173.

Opiaatti- ja Alkoholiriippuvuus

  • Bhargava, H.N., 1976. Effect of some cannabinoids on naloxone-precipitated
    abstinence in morphine-dependent rats. Psychopharmacology 49: 267.
  • Carder, B., 1975. Blockage of morphine abstinence by delta-9-THC. Science
    190: 590.
  • Hine, B. et al., 1975. Morphine-dependent rats: blockage of
    precipitated abstinence by THC. Science 187: 443.
  • Mikuriya, T., 1970. Cannabis substitution: an adjunctive tool
    in the treatment of alcoholism. Med. Times 98: 187-191.
  • Rosenberg, C., 1976. The use of marijuana in the treatment of alcoholism.
    In The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, Cohen and Stillman, Eds.,
    Plenum Press, New York, pp. 173-185.
  • Rosenberg, C.M. et al., 1978. Cannabis in the treatment
    of alcoholism. J. Stud. Alcohol 39: 155.
  • Scher, J., 1971. Marijuana as an agent in rehabilitating alcoholics.
    Am. J. Psychiatry 127: 971-972.

Kivunlievitys

  • Harris, L., 1976. Analgesic and antitumor potential of the cannabinoids.
    In The Therapeutic Potential of Marijuana, Cohen and Stillman, Eds.,
    Plenum Press, New York, pp. 299-305.
  • Milstein, S.L. et al., 1975. Marijuana-produced changes in pain
    tolerance: experienced and non-experienced subjects. Int. Pharmacopsychiatry
    10: 177-182.
  • Noyes, S.J., Jr. and Baram, D.A., 1974. Cannabis analgesia.
    Compr. Psychiatry 15: 5.
  • Noyes, S.J., Jr. et al., 1975. The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
    and codeine. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 18: 84-89.
  • Noyes, S.J., Jr. et al., 1975. The analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
    J. Clin. Pharamacol. 15: 139.
  • Volfe, Z. et al., 1985. Cannabinoids block release of serotonin
    from platelets induced by plasma from migraine patients. Int. J. Clin.
    Pharm. Res.
    5: 243-246.
  • Zeidenberg, P., et al., 1973. Effect of oral administration
    of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on memory, speech and perception of thermal
    stimulation: results with four normal human subjects. Preliminary report.
    Compr. Psychiatry 14: 549.

Vatsahaava

  • Bateman, D.N., 1987. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and gastric emptying.
    Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 15: 139.
  • Douthwaite, A.H., 1947. Choice of drugs in the treatment of duodenal
    ulcer. Br. Med. J. 43: 4514.
  • Nalin, D.R. et al., 1978. Cannabis, hypochlrohydria and
    cholera. Lancet 2: 859.
  • Sofia, R.D. et al., 1978. Evaluation of antiulcer activity of
    delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in the Shay rat test. Pharmacology
    17: 173.

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